Résumé
Objectifs
Résultats
Professionnels concernés
Population cible
Données probantes
Méthodes de validation
Bénéfices, risques, coûts
DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES (classement selon la grille d'interprétation du Groupe d’étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs entre parenthèses)
- 1L’échographie endovaginale peut être utilisée pour évaluer le risque d'accouchement prématuré chez les femmes ayant un antécédent d'accouchement prématuré spontané et pour différencier les femmes qui présentent un risque élevé d'accouchement prématuré de celles à faible risque (II-2).
- 2Dans la population obstétricale générale, la longueur du col demeure relativement stable au cours des 2 premiers trimestres de la grossesse. L’évolution naturelle du changement de la longueur du col peut ne pas être utile pour identifier les femmes qui présentent un risque accru d'accouchement prématuré. Étant donné les variations possibles en matière d’évolution, de vitesse et/ou d'apparition du raccourcissement de la longueur du col, la réévaluation de la longueur du col peut s'avérer utile chez les patientes qui présentent un risque élevé d'accouchement prématuré spontané (II-2).
- 3La mesure de la longueur du col peut être utilisée pour déterminer un risque accru d'accouchement prématuré chez les femmes asymptomatiques à < 24 semaines d'aménorrhée qui présentent d'autres facteurs d'accouchement prématuré (anomalie utérine ou des antécédents de multiples interventions de dilatation-aspiration après 13 semaines d'aménorrhée). Toutefois, les données probantes ne sont pas suffisantes pour recommander des stratégies de prise en charge spécifiques à ce groupe de femmes (II-2).
- 4Il n'y a pas de consensus quant à la chronologie ou à la fréquence optimales des évaluations en série de la longueur du col. Si l'on a recours aux évaluations en série, il y a lieu de les mener à un intervalle adéquat pour limiter les risques d'erreur d'interprétation (II-2).
- 5Aucun essai randomisé particulier n'a étudié quelque intervention que ce soit chez les femmes asymptomatiques qui ont initialement été classées après 24 semaines d'aménorrhée comme présentant un risque accru d'accouchement prématuré (p. ex. celles ayant un antécédent d'accouchement prématuré spontané ou de multiples interventions de dilatation-aspiration après 13 semaines d'aménorrhée) et qui présentent un col court. Cependant, le fait de connaître la longueur du col après 24 semaines d'aménorrhée peut aider à la prise en charge empirique de ces femmes, par exemple par un transfert et la surveillance accrue (III).
- 6En cas de possible menace d'accouchement prématuré avec membranes intactes, l’évaluation échographique endovaginale de la longueur du col peut être utilisée pour classer le risque d'accouchement prématuré et prévenir les interventions inutiles sans porter atteinte. L'information qui en ressort peut contribuer à réduire le risque de prématurité tardive, mais on ignore si elle a une incidence cliniquement significative (II-2B).
- 7Par comparaison au cerclage systématique indiqué d'après l’évaluation clinique, la surveillance de la longueur du col est une option sûre pour les patientes ayant un antécédent de cerclage sur indication échographique, des antécédents d'incompétence du col incertains et un antécédent d'accouchement prématuré spontané; elle peut réduire le besoin de recourir à un autre cerclage (II-2B).
- 8Bien que l’échographie endovaginale semble sécuritaire en présence d'une rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme, sa valeur prédictive clinique demeure incertaine dans ce contexte (II-2).
- 9À l'heure actuelle, les données probantes sont insuffisantes pour étayer une opinion de comité sur la fréquence ou le moment de l’évaluation échographique de la longueur du col après un cerclage. On ignore si ce genre d’échographie a des bienfaits cliniquement significatifs (III).
- 10L’évaluation échographique de la longueur du col et le dosage de la fibronectine fœtale semblent avoir des valeurs prédictives similaires chez les patientes symptomatiques, et leur valeur combinée pourrait ne pas être significativement différente de l’évaluation de la longueur du col seule. Toutefois, d'autres recherches sont nécessaires à ce sujet (II-2).
RECOMMANDATIONS (classification selon la grille d'interprétation du Groupe d’étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs entre parenthèses)
- 1L’échographie endovaginale constitue la voie privilégiée pour l’évaluation cervicale en vue d'identifier les femmes qui présentent un risque accru d'accouchement prématuré spontané et peut être offerte aux femmes ayant un risque élevé d'accoucher prématurément (II-2B).
- 2L’échographie transpérinéale peut être offerte aux femmes qui présentent un risque accru d'accouchement prématuré, lorsque l’échographie endovaginale n'est pas disponible ou qu'elle ne constitue pas une option acceptable (II-2B). L’évaluation échographique transabdominale de la longueur du col peut être une option utile pour le dépistage dans certains contextes.
Mots clés
Abréviations:
CAD (conisation à l'anse diathermique), RPMAT (rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme), SA (semaines d'aménorrhée)Purchase one-time access:
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Subscribe to Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology CanadaRéférences
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- Guideline No. 401: Sonographic Cervical Length in Singleton Pregnancies: Techniques and Clinical ApplicationsJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada Vol. 42Issue 11
- Preview• To assess the association between sonography-derived cervical length measurement and preterm birth. • To describe the various techniques to measure cervical length using sonography. • To review the natural history of the short cervix. • To review the clinical uses, predictive ability, and utility of sonography-measured short cervix.
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- Corrigendum dans la « Directive clinique no 401 : Mesure échographique de la longueur du col en cas de grossesse monofœtale : Techniques et applications cliniques » [J Obstet Gynaecol Can 42 (2020) 1414−1436]Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada Vol. 43Issue 4