Résumé
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Données
Méthodes de validation
Avantages, risques et coûts
Mise à jour
Commanditaires
Déclarations sommaires
- 1.Il est important que tous les professionnels de la santé aient une bonne compréhension de la physiologie de la douleur, incluant son soulagement physique et psychologique, que la femme en travail choisisse ou non d'ajouter des traitements pharmacologiques (III).
- 2.Un corpus grandissant d'articles scientifiques appuie le recours à des approches non pharmacologiques pour soulager la douleur pendant l'accouchement en raison des nombreux avantages qu'elles comportent pour la mère et l'enfant, entre autres la réduction de la nécessité d'effectuer des interventions obstétricales, d'augmenter l'activité utérine pendant le travail ou de réaliser une césarienne (I).
- 3.On parle de souffrance plutôt que de douleur lorsqu'une femme est incapable d'activer ses propres mécanismes d'adaptation à la douleur, ou lorsque ses mécanismes ne lui permettent pas de faire face à la situation (III).
- 4.La théorie du portillon consiste à déclencher des stimuli agréables dans la région douloureuse pendant ou entre les contractions pour moduler la douleur. Les méthodes les plus efficaces sont le mouvement et le positionnement du corps, les massages doux, les caresses, l'immersion dans l'eau et l'exposition à des vibrations (I).
- 5.Le contrôle inhibiteur diffus nociceptif consiste à déclencher des stimuli douloureux à n'importe quel endroit du corps pendant les contractions douloureuses afin de moduler la douleur. Les méthodes les plus efficaces sont l'acupression, l'injection d'eau stérile et les massages profonds (I).
- 6.Le contrôle des centres supérieurs du système nerveux central consiste à détourner ou à concentrer l'attention de la femme pour moduler la douleur. Les méthodes les plus efficaces sont le soutien apporté durant le travail ainsi que la pratique du yoga et de techniques de relaxation, de visualisation, de respiration, d'autohypnose et de restructuration cognitive (I).
- 7.Le soutien continu pendant le travail, offert dans le cadre d'une approche non pharmacologique de soulagement de la douleur, diminue le stress, la peur et l'anxiété, ce qui réduit la fréquence des interventions obstétricales (I).
- 8.L'ocytocine naturelle, essentielle aux contractions utérines, a également pour effet d'augmenter le sentiment de calme et de réduire la douleur. Ces effets analgésiques et psychologiques sont toutefois perdus avec l'ocytocine synthétique, qui ne traverse pas la barrière hématoencéphalique en quantité suffisante (II).
- 9.Un taux élevé d'endorphines durant le travail contribue à la réduction du stress et de la douleur chez la mère et peut favoriser l'adaptation du nouveau-né (II).
- 10.Les professionnels de la santé peuvent grandement favoriser la progression du travail et améliorer l'expérience de la mère en réduisant le stress de cette dernière; le milieu de soin joue également un rôle important (I).
- 11.La prolactine, qui stimule la production de lait par les glandes mammaires, optimise également les réponses physiologiques et comportementales de la mère de façon à favoriser son adaptation à son nouveau rôle (II).
- 12.La création d'un environnement calme et exempt de stress, l'encouragement de la mère et l'adoption, dans la mesure du possible, d'une attitude positive jouent un rôle important dans la production des hormones endogènes favorisant la progression physiologique du travail (II).
- 13.Les mécanismes neurophysiologiques et hormonaux aident les femmes à composer avec l'intensité du travail (I).
Recommandations
- 1.Les professionnels de la santé devraient connaître les mécanismes neurophysiologiques et hormonaux ainsi que les méthodes de soins entrant en jeu dans le travail physiologique et l'accouchement (III-A).
- 2.Les approches non pharmacologiques sont recommandées comme traitement de première intention de la douleur. Ces approches, qui ont pour but d'aider les femmes à composer avec le travail normal, sont sans danger et devraient être mises en œuvre tout au long du travail, même si des traitements pharmacologiques sont employés (I-A).
- 3.Afin de prévenir la souffrance, les professionnels de la santé devraient tenir compte de la composante affective de la douleur (aspect désagréable de la douleur). La meilleure façon de prévenir la souffrance est de soutenir la mère et d'utiliser des approches non pharmacologiques de soulagement de la douleur.
- 4.Les professionnels de la santé devraient collaborer avec les femmes et être attentifs à leurs besoins pour mettre sur pied des interventions de soutien répondant à leurs désirs (III-A).
- 5.Pour réduire davantage les interventions obstétricales et éviter les risques et effets secondaires qui y sont associés, les professionnels de la santé devraient offrir aux femmes un soutien continu durant le travail, et y ajouter au moins une autre méthode non pharmacologique de modulation de la douleur (I-A).
- 6.Les professionnels de la santé devraient, dans la mesure du possible, favoriser et appuyer la progression physiologique du travail, l'accouchement et la période postpartum en ayant confiance en la capacité de la mère à composer avec sa douleur et en l'encourageant à croire en sa capacité de donner naissance à son enfant (III-A).
- 7.Afin de stimuler la production des hormones endogènes qui favorisent la progression physiologique du travail, les professionnels de la santé devraient diminuer le niveau de stress des femmes en les encourageant et en adoptant une attitude positive autant que possible, et en créant un environnement calme et sans stress (I-A).
- 8.Le soutien continu, offert dans le cadre d'une approche non pharmacologique de prise en charge de la douleur, devrait être encouragé et apporté à toutes les femmes en travail (I-A).
- 9.Les professionnels de la santé devraient encourager les parents et leurs aidants à se préparer à la naissance en s'informant sur la physiologie de l'accouchement et en acquérant des compétences pour composer avec la douleur (III-A).
Key Words
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CIDN (contrôle inhibiteur diffus nociceptif), CCSSNC (contrôle des centres supérieurs du système nerveux central), ECR (essai clinique randomisé), RC (rapport de cotes), SNC (système nerveux central), SOGC (Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada), TENS (neurostimulation électrique transcutanée)Purchase one-time access:
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Ce document fait état des progrès cliniques et scientifiques à la date de sa publication et peut faire l'objet de modifications. Il ne faut pas interpréter l'information qui y figure comme l'imposition d'une procédure ou d'un mode de traitement exclusifs à suivre. Un établissement hospitalier est libre de dicter des modifications à apporter à ces opinions. En l'occurrence, il faut qu'il y ait documentation à l'appui de ces modifications. Aucune partie de ce document ne peut être reproduite, sous quelque forme que ce soit, sans une permission écrite de l'éditeur.
Les femmes ont le droit et le devoir de prendre des décisions éclairées en matière de soins, en collaboration avec leurs fournisseurs de soins. Pour faciliter ces décisions, il faut offrir aux femmes des renseignements et des conseils fondés sur des données probantes qui soient adaptés à leur culture et à leurs besoins. Il faut chercher à connaître les valeurs, les croyances et les besoins des femmes et de leur famille, et respecter leur choix final en ce qui concerne les soins et les traitements.
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- No. 355-Physiologic Basis of Pain in Labour and Delivery: An Evidence-Based Approach to its ManagementJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada Vol. 40Issue 2