Résumé
Objectifs
Options
Issues
Données
Valeurs
Avantages, désavantages et coûts
Recommendations
- 1.Dans le cadre de leurs soins gynécologiques primaires, lorsqu’il est question de santé sexuelle et de contraception, les femmes dans la vingtaine et la trentaine devraient être sensibilisées aux risques d’infertilité liée à l’âge. Les femmes en âge de procréer doivent savoir que la fertilité naturelle et le taux de réussite des technologies de procréation assistée (exception faite de celles utilisant des ovules provenant de dons) diminuent considérablement dans la fin trentaine et dans la quarantaine (II-2A).
- 2.Les femmes de plus de 35 ans qui tentent de tomber enceintes depuis plus de six mois devraient subir des examens de dépistage de l’infertilité compte tenu de la baisse de la fertilité et de la hausse du délai avant conception observées après cet âge (III-B).
- 3.Chez les femmes de moins de 35 ans, l’évaluation de la réserve ovarienne devrait être envisagée en présence de facteurs de risque, comme le fait de n’avoir qu’un seul ovaire, des antécédents de chirurgie ovarienne, une faible réponse à la FSH, des antécédents de traitements de chimiothérapie ou d’exposition à la radiation, ou encore l’infertilité inexpliquée (III-B).
- 4.L’évaluation de la réserve ovarienne effectuée avant le début des traitements de TPA peut être utile pour les consultations, mais elle n’est pas efficace pour prédire si une grossesse aura lieu; elle ne devrait donc pas donner lieu à un refus de traitement, à moins que les résultats soient très anormaux (II-2A).
- 5.Le taux de grossesse à la suite de l’HOC est faible chez les femmes de plus de 40 ans. Ces dernières devraient donc envisager le recours à la FIV après un ou deux cycles d’HOC infructueux (II-2B).
- 6.Le don d’ovocytes est le seul traitement efficace pour contrer le vieillissement ovarien. Les femmes ayant une faible réserve ovarienne devraient se voir offrir cette option, comme elle est associée à un taux de grossesse plus élevé que l’HOC ou la FIV utilisant les propres ovules des femmes (II-2B).
- 7.Les femmes devraient être avisées que le risque de fausse couche spontanée et d’anomalies chromosomiques s’accroît avec l’âge. Une fois la grossesse en cours, les femmes devraient être conseillées quant au dépistage prénatal et se voir offrir les tests appropriés (II-2A).
- 8.Des consultations concernant les risques de la grossesse à un âge avancé et la promotion d’une santé et d’un poids idéal ainsi que le dépistage de troubles de santé comme l’hypertension et le diabète devraient être envisagés avant la conception chez les femmes de 40 ans et plus (III-B).
- 9.L’âge paternel avancé semble associé à l’augmentation du risque d’avortement spontané et de la fréquence de certaines maladies autosomiques dominantes, des troubles du spectre autistique et de la schizophrénie. Les hommes de plus de 40 ans et leurs conjointes désirant avoir des enfants devraient être avisés des risques potentiels, même si ces risques sont faibles (II-2C).
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Footnotes
La présente directive clinique est une mise à jour de celle initialement rédigée par le comité d’endocrinologie de la reproduction et d’infertilité et révisée par le comité consultatif des médecins de famille et le comité de médecine fœto-maternelle.
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- No. 346-Advanced Reproductive Age and FertilityJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada Vol. 39Issue 8