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Research Article| Volume 17, ISSUE 6, P561-569, June 1995

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Transvaginal Ultrasonography of the First Trimester Embryo: The First Eight Weeks of Gestation

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      Abstract

      High resolution diagnostic ultrasonography has allowed for accurate and reliable evaluation of the developmental changes which occur early in pregnancy. The ability to determine the presence or absence of a gestational sac, to assess embryonic viability, to determine the number of embryos, and to evaluate the pregnancy associated changes in the ovaries and uterus have forever changed our perceptions of the life of an embryo. It is important to understand the normal changes associated with early pregnancy before delving into complications and pathology. The corpus luteum is an essential part of early embryonic life and it must be evaluated as part of a routine assessment of early pregnancy. The process of endometrial decidualization and the uterine changes associated with implantation are described as they form the base upon which many forms of early embryonic loss may be understood better. The concept of the “discriminatory zone” representing the level at which an intrauterine gestational sac must be visualized within the uterus is described in detail. The “discriminatory zone” is dependent upon both the sensitivity of the clinical laboratory processing the patient’s serum for βhCG levels and the ultrasonography suite, its instrumentation, and interpreters. Finally, normal developmental changes in the embryo proper are described and a scheme for estimation of gestational age is presented. New observations obtained from transvaginal ultrasonography combined with known dates of ovulation are integrated with findings generated by transabdominal ultrasonography, last menstrual period (LMP) dates, and anatomic studies to stimulate discussion of new normative data for highly accurate estimation of early gestational age. It is of the utmost importance that physicians recognize normal developmental morphology in the first trimester in order to understand the problems that lead to early pregnancy failure and to apply appropriate interventional therapies.

      Résumé

      L’échographie diagnostique à haute résolution a permis une évaluation précise et fiable des changements développementaux en début de grossesse. L’aptitude actuelle à déterminer la présence ou l’absence d’un sac gestationnel, d’évaluer la viabilité de l’embryon, de déterminer la présence de plus d’un embryon et d’évaluer les changements associés à la grossesse au niveau des ovaires et de l’utérus a pour toujours changé notre perception de la vie de l’embryon. Il est important de comprendre les changements normaux associés au début d’une grossesse avant de se pencher sur les complications et la pathologie. Le corps jaune est un élément essentiel des premiers temps de la vie embryonnaire et il convient de l’inclure dans le cadre d’une évaluation systématique en début de la grossesse. Les auteurs décrivent la décidualisation de l’endomètre et les changements utérins associés à l’implantation, pour permettre de mieux comprendre de nombreuses formes de perte précoce d’embryon qui en découlent. Les auteurs présentent aussi en détail le concept de «zone discriminatoire», qui représente le niveau auquel le sac gestationnel intra-utérin doit être visualisé dans l’utérus. Cette zone dépend à la fois de la sensibilité de la mesure des niveaux sériques de βhCG chez la patiente, du bloc échographique et de son instrumentation et de l’interprétation des résultats. Les auteurs décrivent enfin les changements normaux du développement dans l’embryon proprement dit, ainsi qu’une méthode d’évaluation de l’âge gestationnel. De nouvelles observations obtenues par échographie transvaginale combinées aux dates d’ovulation connues sont intégrées avec les résultats de l’échographie transabdominale, la date des dernières menstruations et des études anatomiques pour stimuler la discussion de nouvelles données normatives permettant une évaluation extrêmement précise de l’âge gestationnel. Il est de la plus haute importance que les médecins connaissent le développement morphologique normal du foetus au premier trimestre pour pouvoir comprendre les problèmes qui aboutissent à un échec précoce de la grossesse et adopter les traitements d’intervention appropriés.

      Key words

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